Por Natalia Ochoa
Hamás es una organización política y paralimitar palestina autodefinida como nacionalista, islamista y yihadista. El término, que traduce ‘fuerza’ o ‘valentía’, también es el acrónimo en árabe de Movimiento de Resistencia Islámica. Hamás fue cofundada en 1987 por el imán Ahmed Yasín tras la primera intifada, el movimiento de resistencia y autodeterminación palestino contra la ocupación y represión israelí en la Franja de Gaza y Cisjordania. La organización se levantó a su vez contra el reconocimiento de Israel por parte de la Organización para la Liberación de Palestina (OLP), representante del pueblo palestino.
Tras la segunda intifada a principios del siglo XXI, Hamás ganó las elecciones palestinas de 2006. Al año siguiente pasó a gobernar de facto la Franja de Gaza tras expulsar a Fatá, otro grupo nacionalista palestino, pero secular, que sí reconoce a Israel. Hamás, que es una organización islamista radical, tiene un brazo armado que está en guerra con el Estado hebreo. La Franja de Gaza sufre desde entonces un bloqueo económico y la restricción de circulación de bienes y personas impuestos por Israel y Egipto.
¿Quién gobierna en Palestina?
Palestina está fragmentada en tres partes: Gaza, Cisjordania y los campos de refugiados en Siria, Jordania y Líbano, países vecinos. La población está gobernada por dos facciones, enfrentadas entre ellas: Hamás controla la Franja de Gaza, al suroccidente de Israel y junto al Mediterráneo, bajo el liderazgo de Ismail Haniya. Por su parte, Fatá y la Autoridad Nacional Palestina (ANP) gobiernan en Cisjordania, entre Israel y Jordania. Fatá es un partido fundado en los años cincuenta por la diáspora palestina, denominada Nakba, refugiada en Kuwait. Su líder más conocido fue Yasir Arafat y el actual es Mahmud Abás, presidente del Estado palestino. Fatá lidera la OLP, creada en 1964 por diferentes grupos que buscaban liberar el territorio y que desde 1974 es reconocida internacionalmente como representante del pueblo palestino.
La rivalidad entre Hamás y Fatá radica en sus principios y propósitos. Hamás no reconoce a Israel y mantiene la lucha armada para establecer un Estado islámico en el territorio, por lo que Israel, Estados Unidos, la Unión Europea, Canadá, Australia y otros países occidentales lo consideran un grupo terrorista. Mientras tanto, Fatá no es islamista sino nacionalista y secular, renunció a la lucha armada con la firma de los Acuerdos de Oslo de 1993, y reconoce y mantiene relaciones diplomáticas con Israel. Ambas facciones han intentado reconciliarse, como en los acuerdos de 2007 en La Meca para formar un Gobierno de coalición, o los de 2011, 2014 y 2017. Sin embargo, todos los intentos han sido fallidos.
Hamás, en guerra contra Israel
Hamás lleva desde sus primeros años en guerra contra Israel. Desde Gaza lanza ataques suicidas, bombardeos y lleva a cabo secuestros. De hecho, el Estado hebreo asesinó en 2004 a su cofundador, Ahmed Yasín, y a su sucesor, Ábdel Aziz ar-Rantisi. El brazo armado de Hamás fue el autor del ataque inesperado contra Israel el pasado 7 de octubre. Los milicianos se infiltraron tras la frontera, asolaron bases militares y asesinaron y secuestraron civiles por las calles. El Gobierno israelí declaró el estado de guerra e intensificó los bombardeos y el bloqueo a Gaza. Los enfrentamientos han dejado cientos de muertos. Con el ataque, Hamás pretendía hacer frente al acuerdo de Israel con Arabia Saudí para reestablecer relaciones, provocar al Estado hebreo y recordarle al mundo que el conflicto palestino continúa.
De hecho, en la comunidad internacional ha habido apoyos tanto a Hamás como a Israel. Al grupo palestino lo defiende en especial Irán. Su presidente apoyó “la legítima defensa del pueblo palestino” y la Guardia Revolucionaria Islámica iraní habría ayudado a planear y dado luz verde al ataque. Siria y el grupo Hezbolá, la milicia chií del Líbano, también apoyan a Hamás. Entretanto, a Israel lo apoyan Occidente y la mayoría del resto de la comunidad internacional. Ha habido decenas de condenas al “ataque terrorista” de Hamás y llamados a intensificar la seguridad de las comunidades judías en sus respectivos territorios.
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