Para entender el surgimiento del sentimiento nacional dominicano es fundamental conocer la cultura y los elementos de la misma resaltando la cultura política. Hace ya más de 120 años que Edward Tylor (1871) planteó una definición de la cultura que todavía es útil. La cultura, escribió Tylor, “es un fenómeno complejo que incluye al conocimiento, las creencias, el arte, la moral, las leyes, las costumbres y otras capacidades y hábitos adquiridos por un miembro de la sociedad”. Así pues, para comprender la cultura política de una nación debemos tener un entendimiento general de su identidad cultural.
En la cultura dominicana encontramos tres referentes básicos, a saber: indígena, español y africano. El referente indígena de la cultura dominicana apenas sobrevive hoy día, y está relacionado comúnmente con nombres de alimentos, lugares y artefactos arqueológicos. Cuando llegaron los españoles al Caribe, la Isla Española, así llamada por Cristóbal Colón, era la más poblada en la región. Sin embargo, el proceso de conquista produjo la casi total eliminación de la población aborigen en menos de 50 años de colonización. En verdad, lo que quedó de la cultura indígena se asimiló a la cultura de los esclavos africanos que laboraban en las azucareras del siglo XVI. Estos dos referentes culturales se fusionaron para conformar la versión criolla de la cultura afro-indígena, la cual eventualmente se convirtió en lo que denominamos la cultura criolla africana.
La historiografía tradicional dominicana plantea que el referente cultural español ha sido el factor más importante desde la colonia hasta nuestros días, en la cultura dominicana. Para esta historiografía, la lengua, la religión y la raza nos ayudan a explicar el predominio de los elementos hispánicos. El primero de estos elementos es verdadero, pero el segundo es controversial debido a la recepción sincrética de la religión cristiana en el Caribe (Emeterio Betances, La cultura política autoritaria en la República Dominicana, 2008).
Los negros se convirtieron en una minoría porque la colonia fue prácticamente abandonada por la Corona española. Sin embargo, fueron los mulatos y no los blancos, los que se convirtieron en la mayoría de la población. Así pues, el referente cultural español y por tanto, el ethos mediterráneo, se adaptaron a las nuevas circunstancias culturales del Caribe. Debemos subrayar que en este proceso el referente cultural español se hizo criollo en un contexto de práctico abandono y aislamiento por parte de la Corona. Estas circunstancias históricas empezaron a dar un matiz especial a la cultura dominicana, que con el tiempo se aparta de la cultura española para pasar a constituir las culturas criollas dominicanas.
Los criollos hispánicos dominaban política y económicamente la colonia de Santo Domingo. Este dominio les permitió imponer su cultura como la cultura dominante. Mientras tanto, la identidad criolla africana quedó subordinada a lo criollo español y como tal, recibió una fuerte influencia cultural y política de éste. De modo que, a pesar de su importante presencia durante la época colonial, y posteriormente el aporte económico, cultural y social de los criollos africanos, ha sido dejado en el olvido por parte de los historiadores tradicionales.
Esta exclusión ha dado como resultado una situación contradictoria para la mayoría de los dominicanos, pues, como ha afirmado Rubén Silié (1988), “hemos llegado a la constitución de nuestra cultura nacional careciendo de una verdadera identidad cultural, debido a que la homogenización sólo se ha logrado a un nivel oficial, marginando a una buena parte de la población, condenada a no encontrarse con ella misma, plenamente”. La definición de la cultura criolla dominicana ha sido identificada con el proyecto nacional de la clase dominante. Esta clase niega las prácticas culturales de la mayoría de la población y presenta su cultura como algo extraño a la cultura criolla dominicana (El hato y el conuco: contexto para el surgimiento de la cultura criolla).
Esta dominación cultural prepara las condiciones para el desarrollo de un modelo político autoritario que condiciona la conducta política de la población. En este sentido, vemos cómo elementos culturales y raciales se combinan para nutrir el desarrollo de una cultura política autoritaria. De esa manera se ven los elementos socio-económicos y políticos que formaron ese sentimiento nacional para así lograr lo que hoy se conoce como la nación dominicana.
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