Por Abel Gil
Aunque China tiene mucha más población, Estados Unidos tiene casi el mismo número de personas en la cárcel que el país asiático
Varios millones de personas en el mundo permanecen en estos momentos encerradas en una cárcel. Como puede ser previsible, a mayor número de población que tiene un país, mayores probabilidades existen de que, cuantitativamente, tenga a cientos de miles de sus habitantes encarcelados.
Sin embargo, que esta correlación entre población total y población encarcelada sea lo más habitual no quiere decir que no haya excepciones o ejemplos que evidencien situaciones concretas, por no decir anormales. El caso más evidente es el de Estados Unidos.
A pesar de ser el tercer país más poblado del mundo con cerca de 330 millones de habitantes —pero muy lejos de India y China—, la potencia norteamericana es el segundo que mayor población carcelaria alberga en números absolutos, casi empatado con el primer puesto que ocupa China.
Estados Unidos también se sitúa como el sexto país con más porcentaje de población en prisión—en 2018 era el primero—, un puesto que solo ha conseguido tras varios años de fuertes descensos de su tasa de encarcelamientos. En cambio, China, el segundo país más poblado del mundo, es el número 125 en términos relativos. Es decir, en número de personas encarceladas por cada 100.000 habitantes.
El motivo principal de este sobredimensionamiento en las cifras de Estados Unidos es la dura política judicial en el país, con penas muy elevadas y poco orientada a la reinserción frente a una perspectiva punitiva muy asentada en todos los estamentos sociales.
No obstante, Estados Unidos no es el único ejemplo donde su población carcelaria está sobredimensionada en comparación con su población total y con lo que sucede en otros territorios. Países como El Salvador, Ruanda o Cuba son buena prueba de ello.
El sistema penitenciario es uno de los temas más complejos y controvertidos en cualquier sociedad. La forma en que un país trata a sus presos puede ser un reflejo de su sistema de justicia. Además, el hecho de que un país tenga una población de reclusos alta no significa necesariamente que su sistema de justicia sea más efectivo, ya que hay muchas razones por las que una persona podría ser encarcelada.
De hecho, los países con las tasas de encarcelamiento más altas no son necesariamente los que tienen los índices de criminalidad más elevados. China es el país con la población penitenciaria más alta del mundo, con aproximadamente 1,7 millones de presos. Detrás del país asiático, Estados Unidos, Brasil e India ocupan el segundo, tercer y cuarto lugar en la lista, con una población carcelaria de entre 1,7 millones y 550.000 presos.
La gran cantidad de personas en prisión en todo el mundo es un problema complejo que requiere soluciones a largo plazo. La sobrepoblación carcelaria, la falta de acceso a una representación legal adecuada y la corrupción en el sistema judicial son solo algunos de los obstáculos que afrontan muchos sistemas penitenciarios en la actualidad.
En el otro lado, causas subyacentes de la delincuencia como la pobreza, la desigualdad o la falta de acceso a la educación son los que suelen estar detrás de estos abultados números. Así, y mientras que Estados Unidos mantiene una población carcelaria similar a la de China, Japón ni siquiera se encuentra entre los 15 países con más persona encarceladas pese a ser el decimosegundo país más poblado.
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