Por Joe McDonald
El mandatario chino Xi Jinping dijo el miércoles que Beijing mandará a un enviado a Ucrania para abordar un posible “acuerdo político” a la guerra contra Rusia.
Previamente el gobierno chino ha evitado involucrarse en conflictos entre otros países, pero parece estar intentando afianzarse como una fuerza diplomática global tras orquestar conversaciones entre Arabia Saudí e Irán en marzo, las cuales derivaron en la reanudación de sus relaciones bilaterales luego de una interrupción de siete años.
Xi le dijo al presidente ucraniano Volodymyr Zelenskyy en una llamada telefónica que un enviado chino —un exembajador de China en Rusia— visitaría Ucrania y «otros países» para examinar un posible acuerdo político, según una declaración del gobierno.
No mencionó a Rusia ni la invasión de Ucrania iniciada el año pasado, y tampoco indicó si el enviado chino podría visitar Moscú.
La llamada telefónica entre Xi y Zelenskyy se preveía desde hace tiempo, luego de que Beijing indicó que quería fungir de mediador en la guerra.
¿POR QUÉ ESTO ES IMPORTANTE?
China es la única potencia mundial que tiene relaciones amistosas con Moscú, al igual que peso económico, ya que es el mayor comprador de petróleo y gas rusos después de que Estados Unidos y sus aliados suspendieron la mayor parte de esas compras.
Beijing, que considera a Moscú un socio diplomático en su oposición al dominio estadounidense de los asuntos mundiales, se ha negado a criticar la invasión, y utilizó su condición de ser uno de los cinco miembros permanentes del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas para desviar los ataques diplomáticos dirigidos a Rusia.
Previamente, Zelenskyy dijo que recibía con beneplácito el ofrecimiento chino de mediar en el conflicto.
¿POR QUÉ CHINA HIZO ESTO?
El gobierno de Xi ha intentado desempeñar un papel más relevante en la diplomacia global como parte de una campaña para devolverle a China lo que el gobernante Partido Comunista considera es su condición legítima de líder político y económico, y para desarrollar un orden internacional favorable a los intereses de Beijing.
Ese es un cambio de rumbo radical tras décadas de evitar involucrarse en los conflictos de otros países y la mayor parte de los asuntos internacionales para darle preferencia al desarrollo económico interno.
En marzo, Arabia Saudí e Irán emitieron un anuncio sorpresivo, luego de conversaciones en Beijing, de que reabrirían sus embajadas en las capitales de los dos países tras una interrupción de siete años. China tiene buenas relaciones con ambos, a los cuales les compra grandes cantidades de petróleo.
La semana pasada, el canciller Qin Gang les dijo a sus contrapartes israelíes y palestinos que su país está listo para ayudar a facilitar las conversaciones de paz.
En su comunicado del miércoles, el gobierno chino advirtió sobre los peligros de una guerra nuclear, dejando entrever que Beijing también podría estar motivado por lo que considera es el creciente peligro de que la guerra en Ucrania se transforme en un conflicto más destructivo.
El mediar entre Ucrania y Rusia incrementaría la presencia de China en Europa oriental, donde Beijing ha tratado de forjar vínculos con otros gobiernos. Eso ha suscitado quejas de algunos funcionarios europeos de que el gobierno chino intenta adquirir ventaja sobre la Unión Europea.
Kimberly Marten, profesora de ciencias políticas en el Barnard College de la Universidad Columbia en Nueva York, duda que China tenga éxito en el papel de conciliador.
“Me cuesta trabajo creer que China pueda actuar como pacifista”, señaló, e hizo notar que Beijing ha sido “demasiado cercano a Rusia”.
¿CÓMO SON LAS RELACIONES DE CHINA CON RUSIA?
China es lo más cercano a un aliado importante para el aislado gobierno del presidente Vladímir Putin.
Xi y Putin emitieron un comunicado conjunto antes de la invasión de febrero de 2022 en el que señalaron que sus gobiernos tenían una “amistad sin límites”.
Beijing ha tratado de parecer neutral, pero ha repetido las justificaciones rusas para la invasión.
Xi recibió una cálida bienvenida de Putin durante una visita a Moscú en marzo. El ministro de Defensa chino viajó a Rusia este mes.
China ha incrementado las adquisiciones de petróleo y gas rusos para su economía de gran consumo energético, lo que ayudó a contrarrestar los ingresos perdidos a consecuencia de las sanciones occidentales. A cambio, Beijing obtiene mejores precios, aunque no se han dado a conocer detalles.
Marten dijo que la llamada entre Xi y Zelenskyy fue “una especie de bofetada a Rusia, porque Rusia ha estado muy dispuesta a presentar a China como un aliado”. Indicó que el contacto directo entre Beijing y Kiev “indica que China está dando al menos un paso para alejarse de Rusia”.
¿CÓMO SON LAS RELACIONES DE CHINA CON UCRANIA?
China era el mayor socio comercial de Ucrania antes de la invasión, aunque a una escala menor que el comercio entre los chinos y los rusos.
En 2021, Ucrania anunció planes para que compañías chinas construyeran infraestructura relacionada con el comercio.
El gobierno de Zelenskyy se mostró más ambivalente ante Beijing después de que quedó claro que Xi no intentaría detener la ofensiva bélica de Putin, pero ambas partes han conservado su relación en términos amistosos.
“Antes de la invasión rusa en gran escala, China era el principal socio comercial de Ucrania. Creo que nuestra conversación hoy le dará un poderoso ímpetu al regreso, conservación y desarrollo de esta dinámica a todos los niveles”, según una lectura oficial ucraniana de la llamada.
El canciller Qin prometió este mes que China no proporcionará armas a ninguno de los dos bandos, un compromiso que beneficia a Ucrania, que ha recibido tanques, cohetes y otro armamento de parte de Estados Unidos y gobiernos europeos.
El embajador chino en Francia desató un revuelo en Europa cuando insinuó que las exrepúblicas soviéticas —entre las que se encuentra Ucrania— podrían no ser naciones soberanas, una frase en línea con los comentarios de Putin que niegan la soberanía de Ucrania.
Entonces Beijing les aseguró a los Estados que formaban parte de la Unión Soviética que respeta su soberanía, y señaló que los comentarios del embajador son su opinión personal, pero que no representan la política oficial.
Elizabeth Wishnik, del centro de investigación CNA en Estados Unidos y el Instituto Weatherhead de Asia Oriental, indicó en un correo electrónico: “Me pregunto si la llamada de Xi fue organizada rápidamente para desviar la atención” del alboroto por las declaraciones del embajador chino.
Fuente The Independent
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