Las exportaciones de petróleo de Rusia se dispararon en marzo a su nivel más alto en tres años, pese a las sanciones económicas impuestas por Occidente debido a la guerra en Ucrania, según un informe publicado este viernes por la Agencia Internacional de la Energía (AIE).
Si bien los ingresos por la venta de petróleo y sus derivados han caído con fuerza en el último año a medida que el precio del crudo ha bajado, la cantidad de barriles rusos enviados al exterior escaló hasta niveles no vistos desde abril de 2020.
Con una subida que llegó hasta los 8,1 millones de barriles diarios exportados en un mes, Rusia está fortaleciendo su posición en el mercado.
Si Occidente compra cada vez menos petróleo ruso debido a las sanciones, ¿quiénes son entonces los grandes clientes?
Sus mayores compradores son principalmente China, India y Turquía. Estos países han estado comprando crudo ruso con grandes descuentos, a un precio significativamente más bajo que el petróleo Brent de referencia mundial.
La decisión de estos tres gigantes ha compensado, al menos por ahora, el descenso de las compras de los aliados occidentales.
El giro del mercado
Desde que comenzó la invasión de Rusia a Ucrania en febrero de 2022, India, China y Turquía aumentaron sus compras de petróleo ruso, y juntos ahora representan el 70% de todo el flujo de crudo de ese país transportado por mar, según datos recopilados por el equipo de Reality Check de la BBC.
Por ejemplo, a principios del año pasado, Rusia abasteció menos del 2% de las importaciones de petróleo de India, pero ahora está en camino de convertirse en su mayor proveedor individual.
Por otro lado, las importaciones chinas de petróleo ruso fluctúan, pero también han subido durante el último año y analistas esperan que la relación comercial continúe afianzándose entre las dos naciones.
Así, un año después de que comenzó la guerra, Rusia ha logrado mantener su flujo de petróleo.
«Hasta ahora, las exportaciones de petróleo ruso han demostrado ser resistentes a las sanciones, los embargos de importación y los boicots de los compradores», dice la AIE en un informe publicado en noviembre de 2022.
En qué están las sanciones
Desde que Rusia invadió Ucrania hace casi un año, muchos países se comprometieron a poner fin o restringir sus importaciones de petróleo y gas rusos para reducir los ingresos de Moscú y debilitar su esfuerzo bélico.
Las naciones de la Unión Europea, que estaban entre las principales importadoras de energía rusa, pusieron fin a sus compras de petróleo traído por mar.
Y en febrero, entró en vigor una prohibición de los productos derivados del crudo ruso.
Estados Unidos por su parte, anunció que dejaría de importar petróleo ruso, y desde diciembre del año pasado entró en vigor en Reino Unido una prohibición del petróleo crudo y los productos refinados rusos.
A todo esto se suma la decisión de los aliados occidentales de aprobar en diciembre un techo en el precio del petróleo con el objetivo de evitar que Rusia obtenga más de US$60 por barril de crudo.
Mientras la guerra no da señales de llegar a un pronto final, los mercados continúan ajustándose a un nuevo escenario comercial con una creciente demanda de petróleo ruso proveniente de China, India y Turquía.
Esta reconfiguración de fuerzas en el plano económico abre nuevos desafíos políticos para los aliados occidentales que buscan asegurar un mayor nivel de independencia energética y encontrar el camino para avanzar hacia el uso de energías menos contaminantes.
Fuente: BBC
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