Por: Maria Olle
INTRODUCCIÓN
La ONU reconoce el agua como recurso estratégico y denomina a las cuencas internacionales como zonas acuíferas estratégicas compartidas por al menos dos países. No obstante, el reparto del agua está determinado por las características geográficas de la región, lo que a su vez establece cuál de los países tiene más capacidad de controlarla. Por lo tanto, la posición geográfica es determinante para establecer ventaja. Este es el caso de quien se encuentre en la parte superior del río, tiene más capacidad de controlar el recurso que los países que se encuentran en los tramos finales como sucede en este caso. Los ríos Tigris y Éufrates, ambos tienen su origen en Turquía, transitan por Siria y desembocan en Iraq .
Sin embargo, los tres países han priorizado sus intereses de manera unilateral, hecho que ha obstaculizado un acuerdo entre las tres partes para abordar el conflicto. La cuestión sobre la regulación del uso de los recursos hídricos de la cuenca está vinculada a la desintegración del Imperio Otomano. La división de éste significó el fin del control del recurso por una autoridad y quedó dividido en los nuevos estados de Turquía, Siria e Iraq. A partir de los años 20, Turquía, país geográficamente privilegiado por situarse en el origen del río, construyó un elevado número de presas. Entre 1923 y 1950, construyó tres presas, en la década de los 50 otras 10 y ya para los años 90 el número se elevó a 140. Después de China, Turquía es el país con mayor número de presas construidas. A partir de aquí, se ha ido aumentando la competencia por el agua, a medida que construían presas para protegerse de las inundaciones y hacer frente a las sequías. Entre las más destacadas se encuentran las presas de Keban y Taqba en Turquía y Siria, y las presas de Karakaya y Haditha construidas en Turquía e Iraq respectivamente. El principal problema fue que ninguno de estos proyectos se realizó con una coordinación oficial entre sí, ni con reconocimiento de los derechos de agua transfronterizos.
Por otro lado, una serie de factores externos también han jugado un papel importante a la hora de intensificar la disputa. En primer lugar, el hecho de que Turquía se unió a la OTAN, mientras que Siria e Iraq mantuvieron los lazos con la URSS, aumentó la tensión en cuanto a su gestión. Como segundo factor, cabe destacar las discrepancias entre las partes en cuanto al PKK y la disputa territorial de la provincia de Hatay.
EL VALOR ECONÓMICO Y POLÍTICO DEL AGUA
Es evidente que el agua de estos ríos juega un papel importante en la economía y la subsistencia de estos países, dado que son utilizados para el suministro, la agricultura y la producción energética. Sin embargo, el crecimiento demográfico, la falta de instalaciones eficaces para el tratamiento de residuos, las sequías y la inestabilidad por las políticas hídricas entre los países siguen afectando al acceso de agua potable. En Iraq, la falta de agua ha provocado la pérdida de puestos de trabajo y ha forzado el desplazamiento de su población. Y, es que, Iraq depende del Tigris y del Éufrates para el 98% de su agua. Glada Lahn y Nouar Shamout denuncian que, desde la década de los 70s, cuando tuvo lugar la gran construcción de presas, el río ha perdido el 40-45% de su caudal.
El agua de ambos ríos no sólo juega un papel en la economía, sino que también se ha visto utilizada como arma política para presionar a otros Estados para obtener beneficios sobre cuestiones regionales. Por ejemplo, en 1987, Turquía y Siria negociaron un acuerdo en el cual Turquía se comprometía a ceder 500 metros cúbicos por segundo de agua a Siria, mientras que Siria se comprometía a poner fin a su apoyo al PKK. Aunque Turquía lo ha incumplido más tarde con el Proyecto Anatolia.
INCOMPATIBILIDAD DE LAS PARTES EN LA GESTIÓN
El principal problema recae en la incompatibilidad por la gestión de las cuencas del Tigris y Éufrates. A lo largo de los años, cada país ha llevado a cabo diversas medidas de manera unilateral imposibilitando llegar a un acuerdo común.
Por un lado, Turquía es el país que juega con una posición de ventaja en cuanto a su gestión, no sólo en términos geográficos, pero también es importante tener en cuenta que es el país con más estabilidad económica y política. Por lo tanto, tiene la capacidad de emprender proyectos como el Proyecto de Anatolia Suroriental. Este proyecto también conocido como GAP se originó en la década de los 70 e incluye 22 presas y 19 centrales hidroeléctricas. Tiene como objetivo mejorar la calidad de vida de la población local y contribuir a un desarrollo económico. Aunque el impacto del proyecto en la región preocupa a los activistas medioambientales.
Por otro lado, tenemos a Siria e Iraq que reconocen las aguas del río como un recurso compartido. En 1996, la Liga de los Estados Árabes apoyó la posición de ambos países cuando adoptó la Resolución nº 5553 en la cual reconoció el Tigris y el Éufrates como “ríos internacionales” y pedía a estos países árabes una distribución equitativa de los recursos hídricos.
INTENTOS DE COOPERACIÓN FALLIDOS
Han sido varios los intentos fallidos de cooperación entre las partes. En 1983 se creó el Comité Técnico Común con el objetivo de llegar a un acuerdo y a una distribución equitativa del recurso en cada país. Sin embargo, la falta de una visión común entre las partes sobre cómo consideraban que se debía gestionar el agua hizo fracasar los intentos de negociación.
Durante la primera década del siglo XXI, se caracterizó por un intento de cooperar pacíficamente entre las tres partes para gestionar los recursos hídricos. En 2001, tuvo lugar un comunicado conjunto entre Siria y Turquía que abogaba por el uso sostenible de los recursos terrestres e hídricos de la región mediante proyectos conjuntos. Aunque este comunicado no se tradujo en acciones concretas, sirvió de marco para los acuerdos alcanzados a finales de la década de los 2000. Entre los acuerdos alcanzados, cabe destacar el Memorando de Entendimiento sobre la gestión del agua firmado entre Siria y Turquía en 2009. Sin embargo, no se llegó a ratificar. De manera similar se firmó otro Memorando con Iraq el mismo año.00
Los intentos de cooperación se explican principalmente por dos factores. El primer factor vendría dado por los cambios internos en Turquía y la consecuente mejora de las relaciones entre las partes, dado que la entrada en el poder del AKP se caracterizó por el enfoque de “cero problemas con los países vecinos”. Por otro lado, el segundo factor está relacionado con la influencia de la perspectiva de adhesión de Turquía a la UE en su política del agua.
CONCLUSIÓN
Es evidente que es necesario alcanzar un acuerdo trilateral para abordar colectivamente los graves problemas medioambientales, sobre todo teniendo en cuenta que en las próximas décadas se prevén importantes cambios en la temperatura e intensas precipitaciones. La degradación de los suelos y del agua en la región seguirá ejerciendo más presión sobre las poblaciones locales. Pero, por ahora, este acuerdo entre las tres partes parece lejos de ser palpable, al menos en el corto plazo.
Como se ha visto, hasta los años 60 se puede decir que existía una cierta armonía entre las partes, y hacia la primera década de los 2000 hubo otro intento de acercamiento. Sin embargo, han sido los proyectos de gestión del agua que se han tomado de manera unilateral juntamente con otros factores internos y externos los que han intensificado las tensiones y la disputa.
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