Por: Maria Olle
INTRODUCCIÓN
La ONU reconoce el agua como recurso estratégico y denomina a las cuencas internacionales como zonas acuíferas estratégicas compartidas por al menos dos países. No obstante, el reparto del agua está determinado por las características geográficas de la región, lo que a su vez establece cuál de los países tiene más capacidad de controlarla. Por lo tanto, la posición geográfica es determinante para establecer ventaja. Este es el caso de quien se encuentre en la parte superior del río, tiene más capacidad de controlar el recurso que los países que se encuentran en los tramos finales como sucede en este caso. Los ríos Tigris y Éufrates, ambos tienen su origen en Turquía, transitan por Siria y desembocan en Iraq .
Sin embargo, los tres países han priorizado sus intereses de manera unilateral, hecho que ha obstaculizado un acuerdo entre las tres partes para abordar el conflicto. La cuestión sobre la regulación del uso de los recursos hídricos de la cuenca está vinculada a la desintegración del Imperio Otomano. La división de éste significó el fin del control del recurso por una autoridad y quedó dividido en los nuevos estados de Turquía, Siria e Iraq. A partir de los años 20, Turquía, país geográficamente privilegiado por situarse en el origen del río, construyó un elevado número de presas. Entre 1923 y 1950, construyó tres presas, en la década de los 50 otras 10 y ya para los años 90 el número se elevó a 140. Después de China, Turquía es el país con mayor número de presas construidas. A partir de aquí, se ha ido aumentando la competencia por el agua, a medida que construían presas para protegerse de las inundaciones y hacer frente a las sequías. Entre las más destacadas se encuentran las presas de Keban y Taqba en Turquía y Siria, y las presas de Karakaya y Haditha construidas en Turquía e Iraq respectivamente. El principal problema fue que ninguno de estos proyectos se realizó con una coordinación oficial entre sí, ni con reconocimiento de los derechos de agua transfronterizos.
Por otro lado, una serie de factores externos también han jugado un papel importante a la hora de intensificar la disputa. En primer lugar, el hecho de que Turquía se unió a la OTAN, mientras que Siria e Iraq mantuvieron los lazos con la URSS, aumentó la tensión en cuanto a su gestión. Como segundo factor, cabe destacar las discrepancias entre las partes en cuanto al PKK y la disputa territorial de la provincia de Hatay.
EL VALOR ECONÓMICO Y POLÍTICO DEL AGUA
Es evidente que el agua de estos ríos juega un papel importante en la economía y la subsistencia de estos países, dado que son utilizados para el suministro, la agricultura y la producción energética. Sin embargo, el crecimiento demográfico, la falta de instalaciones eficaces para el tratamiento de residuos, las sequías y la inestabilidad por las políticas hídricas entre los países siguen afectando al acceso de agua potable. En Iraq, la falta de agua ha provocado la pérdida de puestos de trabajo y ha forzado el desplazamiento de su población. Y, es que, Iraq depende del Tigris y del Éufrates para el 98% de su agua. Glada Lahn y Nouar Shamout denuncian que, desde la década de los 70s, cuando tuvo lugar la gran construcción de presas, el río ha perdido el 40-45% de su caudal.
El agua de ambos ríos no sólo juega un papel en la economía, sino que también se ha visto utilizada como arma política para presionar a otros Estados para obtener beneficios sobre cuestiones regionales. Por ejemplo, en 1987, Turquía y Siria negociaron un acuerdo en el cual Turquía se comprometía a ceder 500 metros cúbicos por segundo de agua a Siria, mientras que Siria se comprometía a poner fin a su apoyo al PKK. Aunque Turquía lo ha incumplido más tarde con el Proyecto Anatolia.
INCOMPATIBILIDAD DE LAS PARTES EN LA GESTIÓN
El principal problema recae en la incompatibilidad por la gestión de las cuencas del Tigris y Éufrates. A lo largo de los años, cada país ha llevado a cabo diversas medidas de manera unilateral imposibilitando llegar a un acuerdo común.
Por un lado, Turquía es el país que juega con una posición de ventaja en cuanto a su gestión, no sólo en términos geográficos, pero también es importante tener en cuenta que es el país con más estabilidad económica y política. Por lo tanto, tiene la capacidad de emprender proyectos como el Proyecto de Anatolia Suroriental. Este proyecto también conocido como GAP se originó en la década de los 70 e incluye 22 presas y 19 centrales hidroeléctricas. Tiene como objetivo mejorar la calidad de vida de la población local y contribuir a un desarrollo económico. Aunque el impacto del proyecto en la región preocupa a los activistas medioambientales.
Por otro lado, tenemos a Siria e Iraq que reconocen las aguas del río como un recurso compartido. En 1996, la Liga de los Estados Árabes apoyó la posición de ambos países cuando adoptó la Resolución nº 5553 en la cual reconoció el Tigris y el Éufrates como “ríos internacionales” y pedía a estos países árabes una distribución equitativa de los recursos hídricos.
INTENTOS DE COOPERACIÓN FALLIDOS
Han sido varios los intentos fallidos de cooperación entre las partes. En 1983 se creó el Comité Técnico Común con el objetivo de llegar a un acuerdo y a una distribución equitativa del recurso en cada país. Sin embargo, la falta de una visión común entre las partes sobre cómo consideraban que se debía gestionar el agua hizo fracasar los intentos de negociación.
Durante la primera década del siglo XXI, se caracterizó por un intento de cooperar pacíficamente entre las tres partes para gestionar los recursos hídricos. En 2001, tuvo lugar un comunicado conjunto entre Siria y Turquía que abogaba por el uso sostenible de los recursos terrestres e hídricos de la región mediante proyectos conjuntos. Aunque este comunicado no se tradujo en acciones concretas, sirvió de marco para los acuerdos alcanzados a finales de la década de los 2000. Entre los acuerdos alcanzados, cabe destacar el Memorando de Entendimiento sobre la gestión del agua firmado entre Siria y Turquía en 2009. Sin embargo, no se llegó a ratificar. De manera similar se firmó otro Memorando con Iraq el mismo año.00
Los intentos de cooperación se explican principalmente por dos factores. El primer factor vendría dado por los cambios internos en Turquía y la consecuente mejora de las relaciones entre las partes, dado que la entrada en el poder del AKP se caracterizó por el enfoque de “cero problemas con los países vecinos”. Por otro lado, el segundo factor está relacionado con la influencia de la perspectiva de adhesión de Turquía a la UE en su política del agua.
CONCLUSIÓN
Es evidente que es necesario alcanzar un acuerdo trilateral para abordar colectivamente los graves problemas medioambientales, sobre todo teniendo en cuenta que en las próximas décadas se prevén importantes cambios en la temperatura e intensas precipitaciones. La degradación de los suelos y del agua en la región seguirá ejerciendo más presión sobre las poblaciones locales. Pero, por ahora, este acuerdo entre las tres partes parece lejos de ser palpable, al menos en el corto plazo.
Como se ha visto, hasta los años 60 se puede decir que existía una cierta armonía entre las partes, y hacia la primera década de los 2000 hubo otro intento de acercamiento. Sin embargo, han sido los proyectos de gestión del agua que se han tomado de manera unilateral juntamente con otros factores internos y externos los que han intensificado las tensiones y la disputa.
Original de Geopol21
Hey very interesting blog!
Appreciating the time and energy you put into your site and detailed information you present.
It’s good to come across a blog every once in a while that isn’t the same unwanted rehashed
material. Wonderful read! I’ve saved your site and I’m adding
your RSS feeds to my Google account.
whoah this weblog is excellent i love studying your articles.
Stay up the great work! You know, a lot of individuals are searching round for this information, you could help them greatly.
Hi there, I check your blog regularly. Your story-telling style is awesome, keep up the good work!
I’m really loving the theme/design of your web site.
Do you ever run into any browser compatibility problems?
A few of my blog audience have complained about my website not operating correctly in Explorer but looks great in Firefox.
Do you have any ideas to help fix this issue?
Woah! I’m really enjoying the template/theme of this website.
It’s simple, yet effective. A lot of times it’s difficult to get that «perfect balance»
between superb usability and appearance. I must say you’ve done a fantastic job with this.
Additionally, the blog loads super quick for me on Internet explorer.
Excellent Blog!
I do not even understand how I stopped up right here, but I thought this post used to be good.
I do not realize who you’re however definitely you are going to a famous
blogger in case you are not already. Cheers!
I am really loving the theme/design of your web site.
Do you ever run into any web browser compatibility
problems? A few of my blog audience have complained about my website not operating correctly in Explorer but looks great in Chrome.
Do you have any ideas to help fix this problem?
First of all I want to say awesome blog! I had a quick
question which I’d like to ask if you don’t mind. I was curious to
know how you center yourself and clear your thoughts before writing.
I’ve had trouble clearing my mind in getting my thoughts out.
I truly do enjoy writing however it just seems like the
first 10 to 15 minutes are wasted just trying to figure out how to begin. Any recommendations or tips?
Thanks!
Sweet blog! I found it while browsing on Yahoo News. Do
you have any tips on how to get listed in Yahoo News?
I’ve been trying for a while but I never seem to get there!
Thank you
I read this article fully on the topic of the difference of most recent and preceding
technologies, it’s remarkable article.
Thanks very nice blog!
Thanks for sharing your thoughts about website. Regards
Hello there! I could have sworn I’ve been to this blog before but after browsing through some of
the post I realized it’s new to me. Nonetheless,
I’m definitely glad I found it and I’ll be bookmarking and
checking back frequently!
I was very happy to uncover this website. I want to to thank you for ones time for this particularly wonderful read!!
I definitely liked every part of it and I have you bookmarked to see new information in your web
site.
Your method of describing everything in this post is actually fastidious, every one
be able to effortlessly be aware of it, Thanks a lot.
When someone writes an paragraph he/she keeps the thought of a user in his/her
mind that how a user can be aware of it. So that’s why this article is great.
Thanks!
Hi this is kinda of off topic but I was wanting to know if
blogs use WYSIWYG editors or if you have to manually code with HTML.
I’m starting a blog soon but have no coding expertise so I wanted to get guidance from someone with experience.
Any help would be greatly appreciated!
Hi there! Do you know if they make any plugins to protect against hackers?
I’m kinda paranoid about losing everything
I’ve worked hard on. Any tips?
Is noce to have this kind of sites that are extincted nowdaysHave a peek at this website
Very nice site it would be nice if you check Go to this website
This is the perfect website for anyone who would like to find out about
this topic. You realize so much its almost hard to argue with
you (not that I personally would want to…HaHa).
You definitely put a new spin on a topic which has been written about for decades.
Excellent stuff, just great!
In our study, we found a 15 risk reduction for heterozygous carriers of the factor XIII Val34Leu polymorphism, which has been associated with higher factor XIII activity buy priligy online safe
I need to to thank you for this good read!! I definitely loved every little bit of it. I have you book marked to look at new stuff you postÖ
Hello. splendid job. I did not imagine this. Thisis a excellent story. Thanks!my blog: skin care basics
I regard something truly interesting about your blog so I saved to fav.
It also offers a variety of betting options, a deep sports choice,and impressive promotions.
A round of applause for your blog article.Really thank you! Awesome.
Muchos Gracias for your blog post.Much thanks again. Really Great.
Im obliged for the article post.Much thanks again. Will read on…
Very good blog.Really thank you! Much obliged.
I really enjoy the blog post.Much thanks again.
Enjoyed every bit of your article post.Thanks Again. Want more.
local girla near me personalspaige drummond dating cowboy josh
No matter if some one searches for his vital thing, so he/she wants to be available that in detail, so that thing is maintained overhere.My blog clubriders.men
Yes! Finally someone writes about 100 pure dry skincare.
I savour, result in I discovered just what I was looking for.You have ended my 4 day lengthy hunt! God Bless you man. Have a nice day.Bye
What’s up, I check your new stuff like every week. Your writing style is witty, keep doing what you’re doing!
do essay writing services work mba essay services
Kudos! I like this!descriptive essay writing write my essay phd writers
I truly appreciate this post. I’ve been looking all over for this! Thank goodness I found it on Bing. You’ve made my day! Thx again
Major thankies for the blog article.Much thanks again. Want more.
lexapro 30
Im grateful for the article post.Thanks Again.
Thanks again for the article. Will read on…
ways to make money from home, earnings with investment
It certainly is practically close to impossible to find well-educated parties on this theme, and yet you look like you understand which you’re writing about! Appreciate It
Thanks designed for sharing such a pleasant thinking, piece of writing is good, thats why i have read it fully
Aw, this was a really good post. Taking a few minutes and actual effort to make a really good articleÖ but what can I sayÖ I hesitate a lot and don’t manage to get anything done.
Very efficiently written information. It will be helpful to anyone who employess it, including yours truly :). Keep doing what you are doing – i will definitely read more posts.
Hello, after reading this amazing paragraph i am also happy to share my knowledgehere with friends.
You actually revealed that terrifically!need help in writing an essay essay writings professional cv writing service
beni neden stalkliyorsunuz anlamis degilim ama ögrendigim iyi oldu ??Loading…
Im grateful for the article post.Much thanks again. Awesome.
Hey are using WordPress for your blog platform?I’m new to the blog world but I’m trying to get started and set up my own.Do you require any html coding knowledge to make your own blog?Any help would be really appreciated!
Hi there, just became alert to your blog through Google, and found that it is really informative.I’m going to watch out for brussels. I’ll be grateful if you continue thisin future. Numerous people will be benefited from your writing.Cheers!
Aw, this was an exceptionally nice post. Taking the time and actual effort to make a top notch article… but what can I say… I put things off a whole lot and never manage to get nearly anything done.
Really appreciate you sharing this blog post.Really looking forward to read more. Want more.
dapoxetine trial pack priligy priligy online Mangesh Nagpure – «???» ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? – The ASER Blog
This is one awesome post.Really thank you! Want more.
Hello There. I found your blog using msn. This is an extremely well written article.I will be sure to bookmark it and come back to read more of your useful information.Thanks for the post. I’ll certainly return.
I love what you guys tend to be up too. Such clever work and reporting! Keep up the superb works guys I’ve added you guys to our blogroll.
Way cool! Some extremely valid points! I appreciate you penning
Really appreciate you sharing this blog. Great.
Excellent items from you, man. I’ve remember your stuff prior to and you are just extremely magnificent. I actually like what you’ve bought right here, certainly like what you are saying and the best way by which you assert it. You make it entertaining and you still take care of to stay it sensible. I can not wait to learn much more from you. That is actually a terrific website.
I think this is one of the most vital info for me. And i’m glad reading your article. But wanna remark on some general things, The site style is ideal, the articles is really great : D. Good job, cheers
Hey there, You’ve performed an excellent job. I will definitely digg it and for my part recommend to my friends. I’m sure they’ll be benefited from this web site.
Somebody necessarily lend a hand to make seriously posts I’d state. That is the very first time I frequented your web page and to this point? I surprised with the analysis you made to make this actual put up extraordinary. Wonderful process!
Hello there, I discovered your site via Google even as looking for a comparable matter, your website came up, it looks good. I have bookmarked it in my google bookmarks.
Wonderful goods from you, man. I have understand your stuff previous to and you are just extremely excellent. I really like what you have acquired here, certainly like what you’re stating and the way in which you say it. You make it entertaining and you still take care of to keep it wise. I can not wait to read much more from you. This is actually a tremendous website.
Itís difficult to find experienced people about this topic, however, you sound like you know what youíre talking about! Thanks
I am really enjoying the theme/design of your weblog. Do you ever run into any web browser compatibility problems? A few of my blog readers have complained about my website not working correctly in Explorer but looks great in Firefox. Do you have any advice to help fix this problem?
I simply had to appreciate you once more. I am not sure what I might have worked on without the entire secrets discussed by you on my industry. It had been a real intimidating concern for me, nevertheless considering this skilled approach you handled that took me to weep over gladness. I am just happy for your work and then wish you realize what an amazing job you happen to be getting into teaching most people all through your web page. More than likely you haven’t met all of us.
Usually I do not read article on blogs, however I would like to say that this write-up very pressured me to check out and do so! Your writing taste has been amazed me. Thanks, very nice article.
Numerous from the coloration strategy is the watch look wonderful via ins absent or via throughout a nearby restaurant.
You actually make it seem really easy along with your presentation however I find this matter to be actually something which I believe I would never understand. It seems too complicated and extremely vast for me. I am looking forward to your next put up, I’ll try to get the dangle of it!
Hello, yup this post is genuinely nice and I have learned lotof things from it on the topic of blogging. thanks.Feel free to visit my blog post Keto Premium One Shot Review
I really enjoy the article.Much thanks again. Awesome.
I really liked your blog.Thanks Again. Much obliged.
Aw, this was an incredibly nice post. Finding the time and actual effort to generate a superb article… but what can I say… I procrastinate a whole lot and never seem to get anything done.
I think this is a real great blog article.Really looking forward to read more.
I loved your article.Thanks Again.
Thanks-a-mundo for the blog post.Thanks Again. Will read on…
It’s really a cool and helpful piece of info. I’m glad that you shared this useful information with us. Please keep us informed like this. Thanks for sharing.
Wow, great post. Really Cool.
Thanks-a-mundo for the blog.Much thanks again. Want more.
Appreciate you sharing, great blog.Much thanks again. Will read on…
Wow, great article.Really thank you! Cool.
I value the article post.Thanks Again. Cool.
Appreciate you sharing, great blog.Really thank you! Great.
Thanks for the blog post. Keep writing.
Im thankful for the article post.Really thank you! Really Cool.
Looking forward to reading more. Great blog post.Really looking forward to read more.
Thanks a lot for the article post.Much thanks again. Keep writing.
I appreciate you sharing this blog article.Thanks Again. Really Great.
Muchos Gracias for your blog post.Much thanks again. Really Cool.
cheapest pharmacy canada
https://expresscanadapharm.com/# Express Canada Pharm
canadian pharmacy 365
This is one awesome blog article.Thanks Again. Much obliged.
Thanks for sharing, this is a fantastic post.Much thanks again. Cool.
Thank you ever so for you blog post.Much thanks again. Really Great.
análisis de vibraciones
Dispositivos de equilibrado: clave para el operación uniforme y productivo de las maquinarias.
En el entorno de la tecnología avanzada, donde la rendimiento y la fiabilidad del sistema son de suma relevancia, los sistemas de balanceo desempeñan un función vital. Estos aparatos dedicados están creados para ajustar y regular elementos giratorias, ya sea en maquinaria industrial, vehículos de movilidad o incluso en dispositivos domésticos.
Para los técnicos en reparación de sistemas y los ingenieros, manejar con dispositivos de ajuste es importante para proteger el operación suave y fiable de cualquier sistema giratorio. Gracias a estas herramientas innovadoras avanzadas, es posible minimizar notablemente las movimientos, el estruendo y la esfuerzo sobre los sujeciones, mejorando la vida útil de elementos caros.
De igual manera significativo es el rol que cumplen los dispositivos de balanceo en la atención al consumidor. El soporte técnico y el reparación regular empleando estos aparatos posibilitan ofrecer prestaciones de excelente estándar, aumentando la bienestar de los usuarios.
Para los titulares de emprendimientos, la inversión en unidades de equilibrado y sensores puede ser clave para mejorar la efectividad y desempeño de sus dispositivos. Esto es sobre todo relevante para los empresarios que dirigen pequeñas y pequeñas emprendimientos, donde cada detalle vale.
Por otro lado, los aparatos de equilibrado tienen una extensa uso en el campo de la fiabilidad y el gestión de calidad. Facilitan identificar eventuales fallos, reduciendo reparaciones caras y perjuicios a los sistemas. Además, los información obtenidos de estos aparatos pueden utilizarse para optimizar sistemas y aumentar la exposición en plataformas de exploración.
Las sectores de uso de los equipos de ajuste cubren diversas ramas, desde la producción de ciclos hasta el supervisión del medio ambiente. No interesa si se habla de grandes producciones de fábrica o pequeños espacios de uso personal, los aparatos de equilibrado son indispensables para asegurar un operación productivo y libre de paradas.
Appreciate you sharing, great blog.Really thank you! Fantastic.
Enjoyed every bit of your article.Thanks Again. Great.
I value the blog article.Really thank you! Cool.
Very informative article post.Much thanks again. Will read on…
Im thankful for the blog.Really looking forward to read more. Really Cool.
Thanks so much for the blog article.Thanks Again. Want more.
Really informative blog post.Thanks Again.
Say, you got a nice blog post.Really thank you! Much obliged.
A big thank you for your post.Thanks Again. Cool.
Thanks for sharing, this is a fantastic article.Thanks Again. Really Great.
I am so grateful for your blog article.Really looking forward to read more.
Major thanks for the blog.Thanks Again. Awesome.
A pharmacy that genuinely cares about community well-being.
can i order clomid tablets
Their patient care is unparalleled.
Very good blog article.Much thanks again. Cool.
Hi there, everything is going perfectly here and ofcourse every one is sharing information, that’s truly excellent, keep up writing.
Stop by my website https://casinovavada.blogspot.com/2021/12/blog-post_22.html
Looking forward to reading more. Great blog.Really thank you! Will read on…
I loved your blog post.Thanks Again.
I cannot thank you enough for the post.Much thanks again. Great.
Thanks so much for the blog article.Really looking forward to read more. Cool.
I really liked your article. Great.
Appreciate you sharing, great blog article. Fantastic.
Great, thanks for sharing this blog post.Much thanks again. Really Great.
I loved your post.Thanks Again. Much obliged.
Thank you for your blog article.Much thanks again. Keep writing.
This is one awesome post.Really thank you! Will read on…
Fantastic article.Much thanks again. Will read on…
Looking forward to reading more. Great blog post.Thanks Again. Really Cool.
This is one awesome article.Much thanks again. Really Cool.
This is one awesome blog post. Cool.
I value the blog post.Really thank you! Cool.
Great post.Really thank you! Keep writing.
I value the blog post.Thanks Again. Awesome.
Greetings very remarkable site!! Chap .. Fantastic .. Astounding .. I will bookmark your blog and take the feeds additionally�I am contented to notice such a lot of valuable knowledge here in the article, we want expand more methods on this regard, appreciate it for distribution.
My page – http://rasstrel.ru/forum/member.php?u=297620
Thanks for the suggestions you are revealing on this web site. Another thing I’d prefer to say is the fact getting hold of duplicates of your credit history in order to look at accuracy of any detail is one first measures you have to undertake in credit restoration. You are looking to clean your credit report from detrimental details mistakes that damage your credit score.