Por: Rosalia Sanchez
Los sucesivos recortes de suministro de gas ruso abocan a los gobiernos centroeuropeos a un peligro de apagones de gran alcance, teniendo en cuenta que el 40% que la electricidad consumida en Alemania se produce en plantas de gas.
Los sucesivos recortes de suministro de gas ruso abocan a los gobiernos centroeuropeos a un peligro de apagones de gran alcance, teniendo en cuenta que el 40% que la electricidad consumida en Alemania, por ejemplo, se produce en plantas de gas. En previsión de situaciones críticas en los próximos meses, Alemania, Austria, República Checa, Hungría, Polonia y Eslovaquia han firmado un memorando de entendimiento (MoU) solidario en el sector eléctrico, de manera que se comprometen a una asistencia mutua en caso de necesidad.
Los seis países firmaron el MoU antes de la reunión de ministros de energía de ayer en Luxemburgo, de acuerdo con la regulación de preparación para riesgos de 2019 de la UE. «Acabo de firmar un Memorando de Entendimiento con nuestros colegas europeos y de Europa del Este en el que queremos ayudarnos mutuamente con la seguridad energética», ha explicado de vuelta en Berlín Robert Habeck, vicecanciller alemán y ministro de Economía y Clima.
Riesgos en el sector eléctrico
El acuerdo afirma que los firmantes «desean confirmar su intención de mantener y fortalecer su cooperación en preparación de riesgos en el sectro electrico ». De cara al próximo invierno, los seis gobiernos están coordinando previamente su enfoque para el peor de los casos. «Tenemos acuerdos clave en el área de la electricidad y también del gas con los vecinos de Europa del Este y ahora del Sudeste de Europa», ha confirmado Habeck.
Para facilitar y mantenerse en contacto, los países tienen como objetivo «reunir a representantes relevantes de ministerios y expertos en el campo de la electricidad» para prepararse para una situación en la que la electricidad llegue a ser tan escasa que el suministro «no se pueda resolver con medidas basadas en la lógica del mercado».
Estos acuerdos crearán otro grupo de trabajo, donde se espera que los países «envíen regularmente a sus expertos a reuniones de nivel de expertos y técnicos, para discutir la situación de seguridad del suministro a nivel nacional y regional». Incluso los datos de contacto del personal relevante deben intercambiarse conforme al acuerdo, que haría que la autoridad eslovaca correspondiente reciba, por ejemplo, el número de teléfono de Klaus Müller, el jefe de la agencia de red federal de Alemania, que estará para ellos localizable en todo momento. Y en caso de una crisis inminente, o cuando se enfrenten a una situación de falta de suministro, los ministerios pertinentes de los países afectados tienen la intención de informarse mutuamente sobre la situación, las medidas tomadas y planificadas a nivel nacional y las posibles medidas regionales identificadas.
Medidas
Las medidas que se mencionan en caso de una crisis eléctrica incluyen: uso transfronterizo de capacidades de reserva y cargas flexibles, vigilancia de la seguridad a corto plazo del suministro eléctrico, intercambio de información sobre llamamientos al público para ahorrar, apoyo con equipos eléctricos, conocimiento y experiencia, uso de generadores móviles e intercambio de información sobre planes de desconexión de la demanda, habiendo acordado ir «más allá de las reglas y medidas existentes para la asistencia entre TSO [operadores de red]» y «llegar a un acuerdo financiero sobre reglas para una compensación justa y adecuada entre países». Esto cubriría al menos el coste del soporte y la electricidad proporcionada, así como «otros costes razonables», como los costes legales y de liquidación.
Después de que Rusia redujese la semana pasada en un 60% el gas que suministra a Alemania a través del gasoducto Nord Stream 1, el gobierno de Berlín ha recuperado su flota de reserva de centrales eléctricas a partir de carbón para prepararse para lo peor. Austria ha dado marcha atrás también a su salida de la energía de carbón y se negocian a toda prisa contratos con proveedores alternativos, como Noruega y Qatar. Las instalaciones de almacenamiento de gas en Alemania están llenas al 60% de su capacidad, lo que supone un ligero aumento respecto a años anteriores por estas fechas pero insuficiente para encarar el invierno con garantías de suministro, tanto a empresas como a particulares.
El objetivo del Gobierno alemán es alcanzar al menos el 90% de la capacidad de almacenamiento a principios de noviembre, aunque sigue siendo cuestionable ante los suministros cada vez más limitados e incluso la posibilidad de que Rusia finalice por completo sus envíos de gas a Alemania. Incluso si las instalaciones de almacenamiento de gas están completamente llenas a finales de otoño, las reservas no serían suficientes para que Alemania pase todo el invierno. El presidente de la Agencia Federal de Redes de Alemania, Klaus Müller, ha calculado que las instalaciones de almacenamiento de gas del país solo cubrirían la demanda durante dos meses y medio en un invierno medio sin suministro de gas ruso.
Alemania quiere recurrir al gas natural licuado a través de terminales flotantes en la costa del Mar del Norte, pero el presidente de la Asociación Industrial de Gas Zukunft, Timm Kehler, no cree que las dos terminales previstas puedan estar operativas a finales de año y ha declarado que hace falta más claridad sobre cuestiones de inversión y regulación.
Fuente: ABC
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