Por: Maria Albert
La cumbre de la OTAN, que se celebra en Madrid estos días 28, 29 y 30 de julio, se prepara ya para abordar algunos de los problemas más trascendentes de las últimas décadas. Los paquetes de ayuda en la guerra de Ucrania, el lanzamiento del Concepto Estratégico de la OTAN y el refuerzo de las relaciones entre países aliados serán los puntos centrales de una reunión que congregará a 44 delegaciones internacionales en la capital española.
Son mucho los puntos clave que discutirán los mandatarios que se han dado cita en IFEMA durante esta semana. Sin embargo, entre ellos hay algunas decisiones que se espera que salgan de esta cumbre y que favorezcan al funcionamiento de la organización durante los próximos meses, especialmente en materia de defensa y relaciones internacionales.
Pero ¿cuáles son los asuntos clave que tratarán los líderes internacionales durante la cumbre de la OTAN en Madrid? Estos son los objetivos que esperan alcanzar durante las reuniones que mantendrán.
Reforzar la defensa de la OTAN
Reforzar la defensa de la OTAN a largo plazo es uno de los principales objetivos que persiguen desde la Alianza Atlántico Norte. Con el frente abierto con Rusia y la amenaza comercial de una potencia en crecimiento como China, intensificar la lucha contra estos problemas puede ser clave.
Además, mostrarse como un proyecto de unidad tras la inestabilidad que causó el paso de Donald Trump por Estados Unidos también es otro de los puntos clave que persiguen desde la OTAN. «Mientras nos enfrentamos a la situación de seguridad más grave en décadas, la Alianza está a la altura del desafío con unidad y determinación», expresan.
Medidas para apoyar a Ucrania
El foco de esta cumbre de la OTAN estará puesto casi con total seguridad en la gestión internacional de la guerra de Ucrania. La intención es que de esta reunión salga un paquete integral de ayudas para que el país de Volodímir Zelenski pueda hacer frente a las tentativas de ataque ruso.
Además, con la intención aumentar las tropas para responder a la invasión rusa (pasarían de 40.000 a más de 300.000 efectivos), desde la OTAN también planean convertir en brigadas algunos de los ocho batallones internacionales que mantiene en países del este de Europa. También tratarán de mejorar las comunicaciones con Ucrania y dotarle de sistemas antidrones y combustible que le permitan renovar su anticuado equipo militar.
Nuevo Concepto Estratégico de la OTAN
El lanzamiento del nuevo Concepto Estratégico de la OTAN también estará muy presente en esta nueva cumbre. Este documento, que recoge los valores, objetivos y tareas de la organización, será reemplazado después de doce años.
En el anterior, aprobado en Lisboa, se consideraba a Rusia como un socio fundamental de la OTAN. Sin embargo, con el estallido de la invasión rusa y la posterior guerra en Ucrania, el país liderado por Vladimir Putin ha pasado a ser la principal amenaza del bloque del Atlántico Norte.
Este nuevo texto también incluirá los retos que plantea China, así como al terrorismo o los ciberataques.
Entrada de Finlandia y Suecia en la OTAN
La reciente candidatura de Finlandia y Suecia para entrar en la OTAN será otro tema a discutir entre los países miembros de la Alianza Atlántico Norte.
La amenaza que ha comenzado a suponer Rusia tras la invasión de Ucrania ha hecho que muchos países, hasta ahora neutrales, comiecen a replantearse su adhesión a la organización. Tan solo el veto de Turquía por cuestiones relacionadas con el terrorismo kurdo ha retrasado el proceso de adhesión.
Reforzar las relaciones en el Pacífico
El refuerzo de las relaciones de la OTAN con los países situados en el Pacífico también será un tema a tratar. Por primera vez, los líderes de Australia, Japón, Nueva Zelanda y Corea del Sur asistirán a la cumbre, invitados por los actuales miembros.
La Alianza planea reforzar su asociación con estos países en un momento crucial en el que los intereses de China y Occidente chocan entre sí.
A su vez, la OTAN también planea ayudar a mejorar la defensa de sus socios del este como Georgia, Bosnia y Herzegovina y Moldavia, pero también del sur, en concreto Mauritania y Túnez.
Aumento del gasto militar
Además, los líderes tratarán de renovar su compromiso con el incremento de gasto militar, algo que ya hicieron en la cumbre de Gales (Reino Unido), en 2014. En ella, se acordó que los países debían tener una inversión del 2% de su PIB en defensa como un punto de partida y no un techo.
Por ejemplo, España está en penúltima posición con tan solo un 1,03% del PIB destinado a Defensa en 2021. Se espera que Pedro Sánchez anuncie una inversión adicional en torno a los 2.000-3.000 millones durante la Cumbre.
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