La humanidad ha recibido grandes aportes en diferentes ámbitos de la sociedad, político, social, económico, dentro de lo que podemos mencionar, vacunas, medios de transportes masivos de carga y pasajeros, las telecomunicaciones y el Internet. Gracias a estos inventos hoy podemos superar enfermedades, comercializar a nivel global y mejorar la economía del mundo.
De igual modo, el hombre ha sido causante de males a la humanidad mediante las guerras; las cuales han sido por décadas uno de los instrumentos de opresión y usurpación de territorios más utilizado por naciones más avanzadas en poder militar, económico y tecnológico.
Con el propósito de eliminar este mal, la comunidad internacional ha realizado esfuerzos para limitar la acción bélica a través de instrumentos jurídicos como fueron, las convenciones de la Haya de 1899 y 1907. Estas fueron más una limitación al uso de la fuerza, que una restricción, debido que, regulaba los métodos de conducir la guerra, en cambio, dejaba a elección del Estado los medios coactivos o coercitivos para proceder en un conflicto frente a otro Estado.
Otros intentos, fueron el Pacto de la Sociedad de Naciones, que impuso los medios pacíficos como primera opción antes de recurrir a la guerra y el Pacto Briand- Kellogg de 1928, que establecía la prohibición de la guerra para solucionar controversias de forma explícita, aunque, no penalizaba la amenaza bélica permitiendo con esto el inicio de hostilidades. De manera que, ambos instrumentos legales no impidieron el inicio de la segunda Guerra Mundial.
CONSEJO DE SEGURIDAD DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS
En cambio, a partir del 1945, con la entrada en vigencia de la Carta de la ONU no solo se prohíbe el uso de la fuerza, además se responsabiliza la seguridad internacional, a un Consejo de Seguridad, representado por quince países, de los cuales, EE.UU., Rusia, China, Francia y Reino Unido son miembros permanentes como garantes de este objetivo, además, con el derecho de vetar cualquier decisión en favor del uso de la fuerza.
En la actualidad el uso de la fuerza se realiza mediante el consenso del Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU, permitiendo solo tres excepciones para su aplicación; citamos:
- Seguridad Colectiva bajo el Consejo de Seguridad. Cuando está en riesgo la seguridad internacional, el consejo puede disponer el uso de la fuerza y actuar en consecuencia, como la misión de 1992 a Kuwait, debido a la invasión de Iraq.
- Seguridad Colectiva por Organismos Regionales autorizado por el consejo. Cuando la seguridad de una región está amenazada, un organismo regional puede actuar con la aprobación del consejo. Un ejemplo de esto, la intervención de la OTAN en Kosovo 1999.
- Legítima defensa. Un Estado puede actuar haciendo uso de la acción armada sin la autorización del consejo de seguridad, si es víctima de un ataque, por ejemplo, la invasión de EE.UU. a Afganistán, luego de recibir los ataques del 9 de septiembre 2001.
Así mismo, en el Derecho Internacional existen doctrinas y normas que defienden la acción armada, como son: La intervención humanitaria, El R2P o derecho a proteger los DDHH, uso de la fuerza contra la piratería y el tráfico de personas, también en el caso del paso no autorizado por el territorio de un Estado, incluyendo aguas territoriales y espacio aéreo, contra la permanencia de tropas no autorizadas en el territorio de un País, frente a la violación de la neutralidad de una nación y en los conflictos internos, como por ejemplo el Estado Colombiano frente a las guerrillas.
La convergencia entre las normas generales del Derecho Internacional y la Carta de las ONU, son válidas de acuerdo con el Embajador Ramón Antonio Altagracia, debido a que:
“el uso de la fuerza será siempre al servicio del bien común, lo que habrá que determinar si la acción del uso de la fuerza representa el bien común, tomando en cuenta los factores como la soberanía y la democracia, valores que flexibilizan el uso de la fuerza en defensa de los DDHH y emergencia humanitaria, principios establecidos en la Carta de la ONU”.
Del mismo modo, El Embajador Altagracia sostiene que:
“el desarrollo progresivo del Derecho Internacional motiva a la aplicación de nuevas posibilidades a partir de las permitidas en la Carta de la ONU”.
A pesar, de los esfuerzos históricos por limitar la fuerza, la actual guerra entre Rusia y Ucrania ha puesto en tela de juicio la efectiva del Derecho Internacional, para limitar las acciones bélicas de una potencia contra un Estado más débil, como también, el orden y/o sistema internacional.
En cuanto, el derecho internacional y sus restricciones al uso de la fuerza, no funcionan de manera perfecta y democrática, no obstante, ha contribuido, a reducir los conflictos armados de carácter internacional, limitando la posibilidad de una confrontación armada a gran escala, como fueron, las dos guerras mundiales que sufrió la humanidad, haciendo del planeta un lugar más seguro.
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