Por: Francisco de Andres
En solo seis años, las compañías rusas de mercenarios se han desplegado en 18 países africanos
Naciones Unidas reconoce oficialmente la existencia de 54 Estados africanos. El último, Sudán del Sur, que se incorporó a la ONU en julio de 2011. En octubre de 2019, 43 líderes del ‘continente negro’ acudieron a Sochi para celebrar junto al presidente Vladímir Putin la primera cumbre ruso-africana. Bastó esa foto de familia para advertir la dimensión de la penetración rusa en África, impulsada en gran medida en la última década.
El comercio internacional con el África subsahariana está cada vez más dominado por la bulimia expansionista de China, pero es Rusia la que, de un tiempo a esta parte, marca en lo militar su territorio con masivas exportaciones de armas y de contingentes de tropas mercenarias. Según el instituto SIPI, un año después de la cumbre de Sochi la industria rusa suponía ya el 30 por ciento del comercio de armas africano, frente al 5 por ciento de EE.UU. y el 7 por ciento de Francia.
Los intereses en juego –y el miedo a molestar a Moscú– se pusieron de relieve durante el voto del pasado 2 de marzo en la ONU para condenar la invasión de Ucrania. De los 54 Estados africanos, 28 votaron en defensa de Ucrania y 25 se abstuvieron; solo la dictadura eritrea votó ontensiblemente en favor de la decisión de Putin.
En muchos países con un pasado reciente como aliados de la extinta Unión Soviética, los tiempos de la Guerra Fría siguen pesando. También intereses a medio o largo plazo. Existen en África un centenar de disputas fronterizas abiertas, y algunos regímenes controlados por los militares no descartan tener que acudir algún día al precedente creado por Putin con Ucrania.
Para Rusia, en cambio, el África subsahariana representa, como dijo el propio presidente Putin en Sochi, «un continente de oportunidades». Económicas a medio plazo, por sus inmensos recursos naturales. Y políticas en el corto plazo, más ahora con la guerra en curso en Ucrania, dada la proximidad de África a Europa occidental.
Los analistas de la penetración militar de Rusia en el continente negro especulan con dos vías o posibles estrategias del Kremlin. La primera, una repetición del poder blando (’soft power’) de la antigua Unión Soviética en el África subsahariana: Moscú ofrece a las ex colonias europeas seguridad a cambio de acceso a la explotación de sus recursos naturales. La segunda estrategia sería, en cambio, menos directa: promover la inestabilidad política en los regímenes africanos, a través de la exportación de armas y la distorsión de los procesos electorales.
Un continente inestable -y la consiguiente consecuencia para la emigración masiva hacia Europa- entrillaría al Viejo Continente por el norte y por el sur, y haría ineludible una negociación de la Unión Europea con Rusia.
La penetración militar en África se lleva a cabo por la vía abierta e institucional y a través de contratos de regímenes autoritarios con las llamadas ‘compañías militares privadas’ rusas, la más conocida, la empresa de servicios militares Wagner.
Un ejemplo del primer camino lo representa Sudán, que este año hizo oficial el acuerdo con Moscú para establecer una base militar rusa en Port Sudan, con el objetivo de «asegurar la paz y la estabilidad en la región» del Mar Rojo. El régimen sudanés ha quitado importancia a la autorización porque «los rusos ya tienen bases militares en otras partes de África, y no amenazan nuestra seguridad nacional».

Rusia, aliada tradicional de la ‘neutral’ Argelia, lleva varios años cortejando al régimen de Argel para construir una base naval en Orán, que serviría tanto a los intereses del régimen magrebí –atemorizar a Marruecos– como a los de Moscú, que quiere a toda costa tener ese contrapeso frente al control que ejerce la OTAN en el Mediterráneo. Las sucesivas delegaciones enviadas desde el año pasado por Putin a Argelia se han topado con la negativa, hasta ahora, de los argelinos.
La Inteligencia occidental cree que Rusia está además en proceso de construcción de bases terrestres en República Centroafricana, Madagascar y Mozambique.
La penetración principal rusa se ejerce, no obstante, a través de las compañías militares privadas rusas. Según el Centro de Estudios Estratégicos e Internacionales de Washington (CSIS), desde 2016 hasta hoy la presencia de contingentes de mercenarios rusos ha pasado de 4 a 28 países, de los que 18 están en Africa.
En unas declaraciones al ‘Washington Post’, el jefe del Comando Africa de EE.UU., almirante Milton Sands, advertía que el objetivo de las companías militares privadas rusas es «explotar los recursos mineros de un país, antes de irse a otro dejándolo más pobre e inseguro». La acción de esos supuestos mercenarios –el Kremlin rechaza tener vínculos con ellos, aunque son evidentes– favorece los objetivos estratégicos rusos en Africa: controlar regímenes, a través de la supuesta protección que da a sus líderes y la instrucción de sus fuerzas armadas, extraer recursos y aumentar la inestabilidad, al implicarse en los conflictos armados internos.
Los ejemplos más vivos son la República Centroafricana y Mali. Los mercenarios de Wagner llegaron a Bangui en 2018 para ayudar al régimen en la lucha contra los rebeldes, y pronto dieron también protección a la compañía rusa que se instaló en el país para explotar el oro y los diamantes. Wagner está acusada por la ONU de crímenes de guerra en el país.
Desde Bangui la compañía se trasladó en 2021 a Mali, que en marzo de este año celebró con júbilo la llegada de los rusos tras la marcha definitiva de las tropas francesas y el fin de la misión de la UE (con fuerte presencia española). Los malienses celebraron en las calles la sustitución de las tropas galas por las rusas con carteles de bienvenida en los que destacaba la imagen del músico Richard Wagner, musa de los mercenarios que actúan más bien al son de la que toca el Kremlin.
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