Por: Ivan Gaton.
Esta teoría tiene a los «pioneros ibéricos», españoles y portugueses, en la navegación de altura, quienes, con sus hazañas, en océanos y mares desconocidos, dieron un giro copernicano a la historia universal, iniciando el proceso que hoy conocemos como modernidad y en el uno que tuvo su primer viaje de globalización.
Este megaproceso social, económico y político tiene su génesis en la isla Hispaniola, con los súbditos de la reina Isabel de Castilla y Fernando de Aragón, la llegada del navegante genovés Cristóbal Colón, al servicio de los Reyes Católicos, en la parte norte de la mencionada isla para crear el primer asentamiento europeo, La Isabela, en lo que hoy conocemos como continente americano; y la posterior fundación de la ciudad de Santo Domingo en la desembocadura del río Ozama.
Con la creación de ciudades como Santo Domingo de Guzmán, de Nicolás de Ovando, tenemos la proyección del mundo europeo en ese eje virtuoso conocido como transatlántico.
Es desde la ciudad de Santo Domingo de Guzmán que se crearon las bases para una serie de acciones de repercusión o impacto universal; La historia, si bien es siempre una construcción colectiva, deja un espacio especial para aquellos seres humanos cuya existencia repercutió en grandes acontecimientos que marcan un hito en el devenir de los tiempos.
Uno de los personajes imprescindibles para conocer el mundo al que hemos aludido fue Hernán Cortés, el conquistador del imperio azteca que llegado a La Española en 1504, fue nombrado en la provincia de Azua de Compostela, desde donde partió rumbo a Cuba acompañando a Diego Velázquez en la conquista de esa isla.
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Fray Antonio de Montesinos fue el clérigo franciscano que pronunció el Sermón de Adviento, en el que criticó las encomiendas y el trato cruel con que se trataba a los aborígenes.
En dicho sermón estuvo presente un encomendero del pueblo de La Vega Real, quien luego se convirtió en el defensor de los indígenas, Fray Bartolomé de las Casas.
Asimismo, el mencionado sermón, junto con el deseo en este sentido expresado en su testamento por la Reina Isabel la Católica, generó un ambiente para la elaboración de las Leyes de Burgos y las discusiones del «Ius Gentium», en la Universidad de Salamanca con fray Francisco de Vitoria; forman la base de lo que hoy conocemos como Derecho Internacional y Derechos Humanos.
El primer visitante de América no nacido en España, con la excepción de Cristóbal Colón, fue Michelle da Cuneo, natural de Savona, Italia, hijo de una rica familia de comerciantes e impresores; Como amigo personal del almirante genovés, vino en el segundo viaje en 1493-1496 sin función alguna, es decir, se le podría considerar el primer turista; Colón le dio la isla Adamanay o isla Saona.
La primera mestiza en América, fruto de un amor conflictivo entre Hernando Guevara e Higüemota, hija de Anacaona y Caonabo, fue Mencía, quien se casó con el cacique Guarocuya, también conocido como Enriquillo; ambos fueron educados por los españoles.
Juan Ponce de León
Juan Ponce de León, descendiente directo del rey Alfonso IX de Castilla, paje de Fernando El Católico y que estuvo presente en la toma de Granada por los Reyes Católicos, llegó a la isla de Santo Domingo en 1504; el gobernador de La Española, Nicolás de Ovando, le encomendó la pacificación de la zona de Higüey, donde aún se conserva su residencia como museo.
De allí partió a Puerto Rico, de donde fue su gobernador y más tarde sería el primer español en llegar a la península de Florida, el 27 de marzo de 1513.
Junto a Ponce de León venía Juan Garrido, negro bereber, musulmán, que fue hecho prisionero por los portugueses y llevado a Portugal, donde tras convertirse al cristianismo fue puesto en libertad; luego pasa al reino español, donde participa en la toma de Granada y acompaña a Ponce de León en el descubrimiento de Florida; luego navegó con Hernán Cortés para conquistar el imperio azteca.
De la expedición del navegante portugués Fernando de Magallanes, bajo los auspicios de Carlos I de España, que llevó a los españoles a Filipinas y las Molucas o Islas de las Especias y junto a Juan Sebastián Elcano realizó la primera circunnavegación del planeta, con el ayudante Elcano, Andrés de Urdaneta, estableció la ruta que permitió el regreso desde Filipinas al Virreinato de la Nueva España, hoy México.
En la ruta conocida como galeón de Manila o galeón de Acapulco, establecida por el marinero vasco Andrés de Urdaneta, se logró la conexión de la dinastía Ming con el imperio español; Esta prueba inequívoca del proceso de globalización comercial la tenemos en el Museo de las Atarazanas de la ciudad de Santo Domingo con porcelanas de la dinastía Ming, rescatadas del naufragio en la costa norte de la isla de Santo Domingo, en el Banco de la Plata, del navío Nuestra Señora de la Concepción.
Sin duda, es a partir de la llegada de los españoles a Quisqueya, luego llamada Santo Domingo, el 5 de diciembre de 1492, que se inicia el proceso conocido como modernidad, que abre el espacio a la hegemonía occidental en todo el planeta y el proceso que conocemos como globalización.
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