Por: Ariel Gautreaux
La coproducción es la forma de creación de valor que se manifiesta cuando dos o más personas, empresas o países deciden sumar sus capacidades y aunar esfuerzos para incrementar la productividad de un bien, servicio, industria o sector económico. En este sentido, la coproducción puede incluir la fabricación conjunta, pero también otros sectores de la economía, como la agricultura y los servicios.
Desde esta concepción, podemos establecer que existen oportunidades de coproducción entre República Dominicana y Haití que van más allá de los esquemas que se están desarrollando actualmente. Una primera aproximación para determinar los sectores con potencial se basa en el examen de los regímenes de incentivos y esquemas preferenciales, tanto a nivel interno como en los mercados de destino.
Consideremos entonces el potencial que se puede lograr con un socio comercial estratégico tanto para la República Dominicana como para Haití: los Estados Unidos. El 50% de las exportaciones totales de ambos países van a este mercado. En el caso de República Dominicana, las exportaciones a Estados Unidos han promediado 5.500 millones de dólares en los últimos años, y en el caso de Haití alrededor de 1.000 millones de dólares.
Dentro de los esquemas preferenciales de comercio para este importante mercado, es necesario establecer una diferenciación entre ambos países. Con respecto a la República Dominicana, desde la década de 1980 había disfrutado de facilidades comerciales y acceso preferencial a los Estados Unidos. En primer lugar, en el marco de la Iniciativa de la Cuenca del Caribe (Plan Reagan), a través de la cual se otorgaron concesiones como la entrada libre de aranceles de una serie de productos, lo que posibilitó el surgimiento de zonas francas, en especial del sector textil, Haití al igual que República Dominicana, estuvieron en el marco de la iniciativa de la Cuenca del Caribe, por lo que también pudo aprovechar estas ventajas. Una peculiaridad de este esquema es el carácter unilateral de las preferencias.
Es decir, ambos países accedieron al mercado estadounidense en condiciones ventajosas y con aranceles reducidos, pero no estaban obligados a extender el mismo trato a las mercancías provenientes de Estados Unidos. De esta manera, podrían desarrollar algunos sectores orientados a la exportación, mientras toman medidas para proteger sectores clave y sensibles dentro de sus economías.
Sin embargo, la continuidad de las preferencias de la iniciativa para la Cuenca del Caribe depende de la voluntad del Congreso y del Presidente de los Estados Unidos. Es así como la Ley que crea estas facilidades (Ley de Recuperación Económica de la Cuenca del Caribe de 1983) se ha ido extendiendo sucesivamente hasta la fecha. La última prórroga que se aprobó en 2020, lleva las preferencias hasta el año 2030.
No obstante, en el caso de República Dominicana, cuenta con el Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Estados Unidos, Centroamérica y República Dominicana (DR-CAFTA). Este es un tratado de libre comercio que permite a la República Dominicana acceder al mercado de los Estados Unidos en condiciones preferenciales e incluye prácticamente el universo de todos los productos.
Al ser un acuerdo comercial multilateral, Estados Unidos tiene acceso preferencial al mercado dominicano, pero también es un instrumento más robusto, duradero y estable tanto en términos económicos como políticos, por lo que su permanencia en el tiempo no depende del factor político y tampoco tiene un plazo de vigencia y no tiene que ser renovado con frecuencia. Aunque Haití no tiene un tratado de libre comercio con los Estados Unidos, tiene acceso preferencial adicional a ese mercado a través de iniciativas legislativas como el Programa de Apalancamiento Económico de Haití (HELP) y la Oportunidad Hemisférica Haitiana a través de la Asociación de Desarrollo (HOPE). Estas leyes amplían los beneficios para el sector textil y calzado haitiano para sus exportaciones al mercado estadounidense, pero al igual que la iniciativa para la Cuenca del Caribe, deben renovarse con cierta frecuencia.
En este sentido, ambos países tienen un gran potencial de coproducción, aprovechando las ventajas conjuntas de estos esquemas preferenciales que les otorgan un acceso privilegiado al mercado estadounidense. Una referencia importante en este sentido es la de CODEVI (Compagnie de Développement Industriel S.A) dedicada a la fabricación de textiles y que tiene su sede en Juana Méndez, justo en la frontera de ambos países.
CODEVI emplea a más de 15.000 personas y es el mayor empleador de la zona, generando valor en ambos lados de la frontera. Esto es especialmente importante para Haití, ya que la mitad de sus exportaciones a Estados Unidos provienen de textiles. Además del textil, existen otros sectores que pueden desarrollar el potencial de la coproducción. Uno es el agroindustrial, sector en el que República Dominicana es competitiva y en el que ciertos procesos productivos pueden ser compartidos entre ambos países. Los insumos perfectamente intermedios elaborados en República Dominicana pueden ser llevados a Haití donde se realiza la preparación final y su posterior envío al país de destino o al mercado local.
Otra posibilidad está en la industria ligera. Aquí la gama de productos es bastante amplia, incluyendo aquellos de mayor consumo y demanda por parte de la sociedad, tales como alimentos y bebidas, libros, publicidad, papel, cartón, plásticos, productos de madera, productos farmacéuticos, cosméticos, productos para el hogar, dispositivos electrónicos, entre otros.
Para estos productos, es más fácil identificar los diferentes componentes de la cadena de valor y determinar el nivel apropiado de procesos que pueden ser compartidos entre los dos países. Asimismo, al no requerir un nivel avanzado de especialización, mecanización o tecnología, el capital humano requerido puede formarse y capacitarse rápidamente.
En definitiva, la coproducción entre República Dominicana y Haití, más allá de una propuesta, es una realidad palpable. El ejemplo de CODEVI puede servir de parámetro para otras iniciativas que puedan emprender los sectores público y privado de ambos países.
Para profundizar la coproducción, también es necesario estudiar los regímenes de incentivos internos y avanzar en la armonización legal, así como otros temas clave como las aduanas. La coproducción es importante no solo para los grandes capitales, sino también para las pequeñas y medianas empresas que suministran insumos y participan en la cadena de valor. De igual forma, la generación de empleo es vital y necesaria para el desarrollo socioeconómico, especialmente en la región fronteriza. Como dijo Miguel Ceará-Hatton, Ministro de Economía, Planificación y Desarrollo de la República Dominicana: “la mejor política social es el empleo”.
Fuente: Diplo Isla
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