Por: Rafeal David Sanchez
Nos preguntamos, ¿pueden coexistir en los mismos espacios los conceptos de Seguridad, Defensa e Interculturalidad? ¿O esta realidad puede explicarse como parte de la ineludible globalización que afecta universalmente a todos los habitantes regionales o estatales? Para hablar de Seguridad y Defensa de la Nación, primero debemos definir qué es el Estado-Nación y se define como un conglomerado humano unido por lazos comunes de raza, historia, lengua, cultura, conciencia de grupo y unidad de fines, vivir en un territorio bajo su propia organización de gobierno que lo regula.
Los intereses nacionales se definen por aquellos que suelen ser bienes y valores que todas las naciones poseen como patrimonio histórico y cultural, que constituyen las aspiraciones básicas de la nación en el orden internacional y son el fundamento del bienestar y la prosperidad de sus ciudadanos.
El Estado Nación, sus Intereses y Objetivos.
Mientras que los objetivos nacionales se definen como los propósitos derivados de los intereses nacionales hacia los cuales se dirige la política y estrategia nacional y hacia los cuales se aplican los esfuerzos y recursos de la nación.
Así, a través del poder nacional, el estado-nación genera y ejerce poder en beneficio de las metas (objetivos) e intereses nacionales. La Seguridad Nacional se define como la finalidad del Estado que regula la Defensa Nacional como instrumento esencial para garantizarla, estableciendo las bases orgánicas y funcionales de su preparación, ejecución y control. El Sistema de Seguridad y Defensa tiene como principal objetivo garantizar la defensa de los objetivos nacionales de los Estados, frente a amenazas transnacionales.
Estamos ante el desarrollo sostenido de la nación como “marco lógico” a seguir. Por ello, el Sistema de Seguridad y Defensa debe apegarse a los nuevos principios nacionales de política pública, buscando siempre la coordinación entre el Estado y la sociedad. A lo largo de la frontera dominicano-haitiana existen comunidades que conviven e interactúan en su vida cotidiana, llenas de dificultades materiales, afectadas por el proceso social de propagación demográfica y de recursos hacia los centros urbanos del interior de ambas naciones.
La tensión social que se genera en las fronteras conduce generalmente a ciertos niveles de conflictividad, dentro o entre Estados, es necesario apelar al conocimiento y la reflexión ética, para poder resolver situaciones de preocupación. Es necesario definir las políticas específicas a llevar a cabo en la práctica, resolviendo los conflictos. Si bien la multiculturalidad implica reconocimiento, tolerancia, convivencia mutua, la interculturalidad se considera un proceso actual, continuo y dinámico de carácter social que establece una cierta interdependencia social de la convivencia. (Aguado Odín, 1991).
«Diálogo» es la palabra clave en la condición de «respeto mutuo» entre las diversas culturas. De ahí se sigue que los espacios interculturales están constituidos por la “permanencia de la identidad”, manifestada en rasgos o elementos culturales, materiales o simbólicos. La interculturalidad es un gran proyecto político-social donde la educación juega un papel único y preponderante. Sin embargo, no es por sí mismo el único gestor.
Una nueva propuesta que rompe con la política de confrontación como norma en las relaciones de ambas naciones, por lo tanto, debemos pasar del conflicto a la cooperación. Y que los factores históricos han sido superados y el contexto mundial obliga a una redefinición de las relaciones fronterizas, siendo necesario llevar a un nivel superior los convenios de cooperación mutua existentes entre las Cámaras de Comercio e Industria de ambos países, a fin de lograr un mayor alcance para estos fines. Y de igual manera, convenios entre entidades cooperativas de crédito de ambos países, que permitan la promoción de pequeños productores en las zonas fronterizas que contribuyan a la expansión de los mercados bilaterales.
Es fundamental la educación técnica y general de la población fronteriza que atiende en los nuevos centros de trabajo (Zonas Francas), de lo cual serían responsables las mismas Franquicias y los Estados involucrados, contribuyendo además a actividades binacionales culturales, deportivas, religiosas, estudiantiles como diagnósticos de problemas fronterizos y el estudio de la complejidad cultural.
También es necesario que los planes de ambos Estados para optimizar la seguridad contemplen la integración para combatir problemas ambientales y de salud, cooperación en redes de comercio informal, planificación fronteriza para la organización del transporte y garantías de orden público.
Por lo tanto, este proceso de optimización debe incluir políticas que conduzcan a la integración social, y la aplicación de programas de combate a la pobreza, asentamientos, protección laboral, educación y salud. Esta propuesta incluye los conceptos de Seguridad, Defensa e Interculturalidad como solución local y universal a los problemas Ético-Políticos del Estado en un mundo moderno y globalizado.
Rafael David Sanchez, internacionalista y Catedrático Universitario, Sub-Director de Investigaciones de la Escuela de Graduandos de Altos EstudiosEstratégicos (EGAEE).
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